Babylonia$6405$ - перевод на голландский
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Babylonia$6405$ - перевод на голландский

CENTER FOR JEWISH SCHOLARSHIP FROM THE 6TH TO 11TH CENTURY
Talmudic acadamies in Babylonia; Talmudic Academies in Babylonia; Talmudic academies in babylonia; Resh Kallah; Geonate
  • A depiction of Rabbi Ashi teaching at the Sura Academy

Babylonia      
n. Babylonie (het koningschap)
Babylonian captivity         
  • Clay tablet. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription lists certain rations and mentions the name of Jeconiah (Jehoiachin), King of Judah, and the Babylonian captivity. From Babylon, Iraq. Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, circa 580 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
  • Depiction of Jews mourning the exile in Babylon
  • Illustration from the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'' of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule
PERIOD IN JEWISH HISTORY DURING WHICH A NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF JUDAH WERE CAPTIVES IN BABYLON
Babylonian Captivity; Babylonian exile; Babylonian Exile; Babylonian captivity of Judah; The Babylonian Captivity; Babylonish Captivity; Babylonean Exile; Exilic Period; Babylonion captivity; Captivity of Babylon; Captivity in Babylon; The Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile; Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile; Babylonian exile of Israel; Babylonian captivity of Israel; Babylonian exile of Judah; Jewish exile in Babylonia
de Babylonische ballingschap, de Babylonische gevangenschap (het wegzenden van inwoners van Juda naar Babel in 600 voor Chr.)
Babylonian punctuation         
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  • Table illustrating the progressive simplification of cuneiform signs from archaic (vertical) script to Assyrian
  • language=en}}</ref>
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  • Cuneiform writing in [[Ur]], southern Iraq
  • Extract from the [[Cyrus Cylinder]] (lines 15–21), giving the genealogy of [[Cyrus the Great]] and an account of his capture of [[Babylon]] in 539 BC
  • language=en}}</ref>
  • Evolution of the cuneiform sign SAG "head", 3000–1000 BC
  • Contract for the sale of a field and a house in the wedge-shaped cuneiform adapted for clay tablets, [[Shuruppak]], circa 2600 BC.
  • Sumerian inscription in monumental archaic style, c. 26th century BC
  • The [[Kish tablet]], a limestone tablet from Kish with pictographic, early cuneiform, writing, 3500 BC. Possibly the earliest known example of writing. [[Ashmolean Museum]].
ANCIENT WRITING SYSTEM USED FOR MANY LANGUAGES, INCLUDING AKKADIAN AND HITTITE
Proper names of Babylonia and Assyria; Transliterating cuneiform languages; Cuneiform (script); Cuniform; Cuneiforms; Arrow-Headed Characters; Cueniform; Cuneiform writing; Cuneiform transliteration; Akkadian Cuneiform; Cunieform; Sumerian cuneiform; Akkadian cuneiform; Sumerian script; ISO 15924:Xsux; Assyrian cuneiform; Neo-Assyrian cuneiform; Cuneiform Inscriptions; Babylonian Punctuation; Cuneiscript; Cuneiform studies; Xsux; Xsux (script); Cuneiform Studies; Mesopotamian hieroglyphs; Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform; Archaic cuneiform; Transliteration of cuneiform; XSUX; Cuneiform script; Mesopotamian script; Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform; 𒈰; Babylonian cuneiform; Babylonian script
Babylonische lettertekens

Определение

Aculeus
·noun A Sting.
II. Aculeus ·noun A prickle growing on the bark, as in some brambles and roses.

Википедия

Talmudic academies in Babylonia

The Talmudic academies in Babylonia, also known as the Geonic academies, were the center for Jewish scholarship and the development of Halakha from roughly 589 to 1038 CE (Hebrew dates: 4349 AM to 4798 AM) in what is called "Babylonia" in Jewish sources, at the time otherwise known as Asōristān (under the Sasanian Empire) or Iraq (under the Muslim caliphate until the 11th century). It is neither geopolitically, nor geographically identical with the ancient empires of Babylonia, since the Jewish focus of interest has to do with the Jewish religious academies, which were mainly situated in an area between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates and primarily between Pumbedita (modern Fallujah, a town west of Baghdad), and Sura, a town farther south down the Euphrates.

The key work of these academies was the compilation of the Babylonian Talmud, started by Rav Ashi and Ravina, two leaders of the Babylonian Jewish community, around the year 550. Editorial work by the Savoraim or Rabbanan Savoraei (post-Talmudic rabbis), continued on this text for the next 250 years. In fact, much of the text did not reach its final form until around 700. The two most famous academies were located at Sura and Pumbedita; the Sura Academy was originally dominant, but its authority waned towards the end of the Geonic period and the Pumbedita Academy's Geonate gained ascendancy. Major yeshivot were also located at Nehardea and Mahuza (al-Mada'in).

For the Jews of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the yeshivot of Babylonia served much the same function as the ancient Sanhedrin, i.e., as a council of Jewish religious authorities. The academies were founded in pre-Islamic Babylonia under the Zoroastrian Sasanians and were located not far from the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, which at that time was the largest city in the world. After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century, the academies subsequently operated for four hundred years under the Islamic caliphate.

The first gaon of Sura, according to Sherira Gaon, was Mar Rab Mar, who assumed office in 609. The last gaon of Sura was Samuel ben Hofni, who died in 1034; the last gaon of Pumbedita was Hezekiah Gaon, who was tortured to death in 1040; hence the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years. The Geonim (Hebrew: גאונים) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura and Pumbedita, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the worldwide Jewish community in the early Middle Ages, in contrast to the Resh Galuta (Exilarch) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands.

The three centuries in the course of which the Babylonian Talmud was developed in the academies founded by Rav and Samuel were followed by five centuries during which it was zealously preserved, studied, expounded in the schools, and, through their influence, recognized by the whole diaspora. Sura and Pumbedita were considered the only important seats of learning: their heads and sages were the undisputed authorities, whose decisions were sought from all sides and were accepted wherever Jewish communal life existed.